Title:
Seasonal and spatial effects on total trihalomethane formation potential in groundwater wells in Tulkarm and Hebron, Palestinep
/ by Lamis Mosa Mohamed Qdemat ; supervised by Dr. Amer Kanan . التأثيرات الموسمية و المكانية على امكانية تشكل الهالومثانات في الابار الجوفية في طولكرم و الخليل، فلسطين
التأثيرات الموسمية و المكانية على امكانية تشكل الهالومثانات في الابار الجوفية في طولكرم و الخليل، فلسطين التأثيرات الموسمية و المكانية على امكانية تشكل الهالومثانات في الابار الجوفية في طولكرم و الخليل، فلسطين
Author:
Qdemat, Lamis Mosa Mohamed, author.
Kanan, Amer, supervisor.
Al-Quds University (Jerusalem, Palestine). Faculty of Science and Technology. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences.
General Notes:
Thesis (M. Sc. in Environmental Studies and Water)--Al-Quds University (Jerusalem, Palestine), Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
, 2016.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Pollution of groundwater in Palestine is an essential issue that need to be solved. Groundwater is the main source of drinking water that contains biological, physical and even chemical pollutants and producing safe water to drink from it is of the main human rights. Many studies on water disinfection and water sanitation which performed worldwide during past years have shown that many chemicals can be used in water disinfection. However, they argue that the chlorine is the safest disinfectant chemical that can be used.
Chlorine is a chemical that has been used in water treatment and water disinfection for ages. Organics in water have the potential to generate harmful Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) such as Trihalomethanes (THMs) as a result of their reaction with chlorine. DBPs are increasingly recognized as harmful agents. Total Organic Carbon (TOC), residual chlorine, temperature and pH are the major factors that influence the rate and degree of DBPs. THM formation potential (THMFP) is very useful test to assess the level of the formation of THMs. This study aims to determine the seasonal and spatial levels of THMFP in groundwater in Hebron and Tulkarm governorates. Therefore, the seasonal variation of THMFP in groundwater wells were investigated in summer and winter and the spatial variation of THMFP in groundwater wells were investigated in two different regions with different metrological data and different well depths.
Investigation results of the Total THMFP (TTHMFP) measured in four groundwater wells in summer and winter have showed that the levels of TTHMFP apparently sink below environmental agencies maximum limits. For example, World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines state that amount of TTHMFP must be below (100
μg/L) and the Maximum Contamination Levels (MCLs) of United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is 80 μg/L. While, there are results exceeding the USEPA MCL (zero) for CF, BDCM and BF. These high concentrations of the THMs species recognized by USEPA in group B2 (i.e. probable carcinogenic for human being), also the exposure of these species adverse reproductive outcomes such as fetal growth retardation, spontaneous abortions and birth defects.
Seasonal variation is shown in the formation of Chloroform (CF), which is the dominant species of the TTHMFP formed. The formations of the CF are 29.19%, 41% and 54.6% from the TTHMFP occurred for Anabta (2), Anabta (3) and Al Rehya groundwater wells respectively in summer. CF increased in the winter to reach 48.34%, 54.77% and 62.25% from the TTHMFP occurred for Anabta (2), Anabta (3) and Al Rehya groundwater wells respectively. For Al Fawar the formation in both seasons nearly the same with 43.2% in summer and 40.3% in winter but the formation at the first 8 hours in winter is higher than in summer. This increase value of CF during winter time explained unlike what most of studies argue that the levels of THMFP is higher in summer comparing to winter time due to high temperatures which increases reactions rate of THMs formation. However, investigation results shows that THMFP is higher in winter. Which can be illustrated from our point of view as a result of increasing of organic matters in groundwater wells which increase the THMs formation. This increase in organic matter occurs in winter because of rainwater runoff that flushes organic matter into groundwater.
Considering the spatial effect, it is obviously seen that the TTHMFP are not the same at the two district in summer and winter, for summer TTHMFP are 13.91 μg/L, 18.28 μg/L, 20.96 μg/L and 12.69 μg/L for Anabta (2), Anabta (3), Al Fawar and Al Rehya groundwater wells respectively. While in winter TTHMFP are 18.28 μg/L, 15.01
μg/L, 19.94 μg/L and 15.8 μg/L for Anabta (2), Anabta (3), Al Fawar and Al Rehya groundwater wells respectively. Implying different DBPs precursors in the two locations due to the different metrological and Hydrological data and different well depths.
The electronic version is available in theses database \\ University of Jordan.
Includes abstracts in Arabic and English.
Subject:
Trihalomethanes -- Analysis.
Drinking water -- Analysis.
Water -- Purification.
groundwater -- Environmental aspects -- Palestine
Groundwater -- Purification -- Palestine
Dissertation Note:
Thesis (M. Sc. in Environmental Studies and Water)--Al-Quds University (Jerusalem, Palestine), Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
, 2016.
Physical Description:
CD-ROM1 : PDF.
Publication Date:
2016.
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